Managing a message communication and file system

ABSTRACT

A file system or other system that manages information entities includes a sub-system to store one or more tokens, as well as a token action log to associate each token with a customizable set of one or more actions, where each token is to trigger the associated set of one or more actions in response to accompanying a file-system/information entity that experiences an event. The file system also includes a token log manager, which initiates the appropriate actions corresponding to file-system entities that experience an event.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/443,293, filed May 22, 2003, for “File System Management withUser-Definable Functional Attributes Stored in a Token Action Log,” nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,804,687, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/382,042, filed Mar. 5, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No.7,010,565, for “Communication Management Using a Token Action Log,”which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/415,321,filed Sept. 30, 2002, for “Function and Use of a Token Action Log.”

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

©2003 Scott E. Sampson. A portion of the disclosure of this patentdocument contains material which is subject to copyright protection. Thecopyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyoneof the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in thePatent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwisereserves all copyright rights whatsoever. 37 CFR § 1.71(d).

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to electronic file systems. Morespecifically, the present invention relates to a system and method formanaging files using a token action log.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the 1980s, personal computers of various types became popular inbusiness and home settings. Originally, a person's electronic filescould be kept on removable “floppy disks” that had limited storage.Soon, higher-density disk storage became popular since it allowed peopleto store larger quantities of files. The cost of disk storage continuesto drop, providing little incentive to curb the proliferation of files.

However, the incentive to curb the proliferation of files is that filesystems can become unmanageable. Finding files can be a major chore. Thesystems for indexing files on content or other information are less thanfulfilling. Such systems require that the user at least know enoughabout the file to find it. Unspecific searches can result in numerousfiles to sort through before finding the file or files of interest.

File systems can also require great effort to maintain because files andother stored entities have differing value to the system operators. Whatis needed is a way to identify which files have what value.

Most file systems allow a specific set of attributes to be attributed toindividual files. For example, some files may be marked “read-only,”meaning that they can be read but not overwritten. Other files may bemarked “hidden,” meaning that they are not to appear on normal directorylistings.

Many files systems also allow other file attributes such as the authoror the modification date. Such attributes are primarily informational,not functional. For example, a file by one author does not automaticallybehave differently in the file system from a file by another author.Informational attributes can nevertheless be useful as a file searchcriteria (e.g. searching for files by a particular author).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention extends files systems or programs that operate onfile systems by allowing individual files to possess arbitraryattributes that point to customizable actions. These attributes controlthe behavior of the file system under specified conditions.

In one embodiment, a file system includes a method for creating andstoring one or more tokens and a token action log to associate eachtoken with a customizable set of one or more actions. Each token is totrigger the associated set of one or more actions in response toaccompanying a file-system entity that experiences an event. File eventsoccur in conjunction with usual functions of the file system or inconjunction with programs that utilize the file system. Events mightinclude accessing a file, deleting a file, opening a file, copying afile, printing a file, emailing a file, backing up a file, moving afile, creating a file, receiving a file from an external source,overwriting a file, modifying a file, etc. Other events might be timedependent, such as a certain period of time passing since an eventoccurred.

The “token action log” that associates tokens with actions could becalled by other names, such as “token repository,” “token registery,”“token register,” etc. However, the name “token action log”(abbreviated: TAL) will be used herein, or “token log” for short.

In one embodiment, the operator of the file system instructs a programthat might be called a “token log manager” (TLM) to store a token as ameaningful or arbitrary symbol. For example, a token might be created toflag all files pertaining to a certain project. The token would bestored in the token action log (TAL), along with desired actionscorresponding to given file events. For example, when the project iscompleted, any files pertaining to that project should be archived anddeleted from the file system. The event is the completion of theproject, which may be indicated by passing a certain time, or indicatedby the operator. The token for that project would therefore be attachedto or otherwise associated with any files pertaining to that project. Atthe event signifying the completion of the project, the TLM wouldinitiate the actions recorded in the TAL for the relevant files.

Other tokens might be created for files of a particular worth. Forexample, a token might be created for “temporary” files. Thecorresponding action recorded in the TAL might be to delete the file iffive days have passed since the last time the file was accessed. Assuch, any file associated with the “temporary” token will beautomatically deleted if not accessed for five days, freeing up diskspace.

As another example, a token might be created for “important” files. Thecorresponding action recorded in the TAL might be to not allow the fileto be deleted without first confirming with the file system operator, orautomatically backing up the file if modified and not backed up within apre-specified interval.

As still another example, a token might be created for “confidential”files. The corresponding action recorded in the TAL might be promptingthe user before allowing the file to be transmitted outside of the filesystem (such as via email), or requiring that the user be authenticatedbefore allowing him or her to open the file, or automatically printingthe word “confidential” on the paper when the file contents are printed.

As yet another example, a token might be created to automate functionsof program execution within the file system. A token might be createdwith actions to open a task list upon the event of a program file beingexecuted. That “open task list” token might then be attached to programfiles that the operator would like to be used with the task list. Whenthose program files are executed, the token log manager would identifythe “open task list” token and open the task list, perhaps evenhighlighting those activities within the task list pertaining to theattached program file.

Alternatives to the “open task list” token concept may be “openrecently-edited files list” token (to automatically show a list ofrecent files that can be edited by the program file), or an “openbookmarks list” token (to automatically show a list of files or otherdocuments that have been bookmarked by the operator).

Additional aspects and advantages of this invention will be apparentfrom the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, whichproceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a basic block diagram of a token and a Token Action Log (TAL)within a file system;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of entries in a TAL;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of entries in an Event Log;

FIG. 4 shows examples of tokens that might be recorded in a TAL;

FIG. 5 shows examples of standard treatments that might be referred toby entries in a TAL;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a procedure for initiating functions of thefile system;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a procedure for using a TAL;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a procedure for obtaining tokens from files orother objects;

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a procedure for looking up a token in a TAL;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a procedure for checking a matching token todetermine if it is valid;

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a procedure for identifying relevant actionsfor a given token;

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a procedure for identifying a defaulttreatment where no action is otherwise specified;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a procedure for checking if the token actionspoint to a standard treatment, and using that treatment;

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a procedure for checking if the given tokenevent actions specify a time lag for action execution, and handling theupdating of the event log;

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a procedure for confirming which specificactions should be executed;

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a procedure for processing the appropriateactions;

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a procedure for optionally reporting andlogging an occurrence;

FIG. 18 is a dataflow diagram showing how an alarm event manager wouldinitiate lagged events from the Event Log entries;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a Token Log Manager, as it relates to asystem in which it operates;

FIG. 20 is a data diagram that illustrates one embodiment of a TAL andrelated file structures;

FIG. 21 is an example of common settings that might be used in oneembodiment of a TLM system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference is now made to the figures in which like reference numeralsrefer to like elements. For clarity, the first digit or digits of areference numeral indicates the figure number in which the correspondingelement is first used.

In the following description, numerous specific details of programming,software modules, user selections, network transactions, databasequeries, database structures, etc., are provided for a thoroughunderstanding of the embodiments of the invention. However, thoseskilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practicedwithout one or more of the specific details, or with other methods,components, materials, etc.

In some cases, well-known structures, materials, or operations are notshown or not described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of theinvention. Furthermore, the described features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

While the following description uses numerous examples involvingfile-system management, those of skill in the art will recognize thatthe principles disclosed herein are also applicable to other fields.Similarly, while the following description makes frequent mention of“files,” other types of “objects” are included within the scope of theinvention.

FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of how a token log manager (TLM) wouldoperate within a file system 102. The TLM 104 handles the storage andretrieval of entries in one or more Token Action Logs (TAL). TokenAction Log entries can vary in complexity, depending upon the particularapplication of the invention. However, in one configuration, the TALcontains tokens (or token patterns) and actions corresponding to thosetokens. The actions are initiated when the system entity with the tokenattached experiences an event. The events might be file systemfunctions, such as an attempt to delete a file, or they might bechronological events, such as a specific amount of time passing sincethe file was accessed. FIG. 2 and FIG. 20 will further discuss apossible configuration of token action log entries.

When appropriate, the TLM attaches 108 one or more tokens to one or moreentities stored in the file system storage 106. The “storage” might bedisk storage, volatile memory storage (e.g. RAM), non-volatile memorystorage (e.g. FLASH RAM), etc. This attaching of tokens might beinitiated by the command of the file system operator. Alternatively, theattaching of tokens might be initiated by the action of a differenttoken recorded in the token action log. The tokens can be “attached” tofile-system entities in various ways. They may be recorded in theextended attributes of given files. In still other embodiments, they maybe recorded in a data structure that indicates which tokens areconsidered to be “attached” to which file system entities. In this case,“attached” is taken to mean “associated” with the specific file-systementities.

When an entity in the file system, such as a data file 110, experiencesan event, the TLM is consulted for processing of relevant tokens 112.The TLM identifies which tokens are “attached” to the given file systementity, looks up the appropriate entry in the TAL, determines the TALentry actions for the given event, and instigates those actions 114. Awide range of actions are contemplated within the scope of the inventionand will depend on the nature of the system in which the TLM operates.However, useful actions may include, for example, notifying the systemoperator, canceling the file system function, modifying the attachedfile, etc.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, a token action log 200 may be embodied as adata table including the following types of information:

-   -   The token 202 (or treatment, in the case of a standard        treatments token action log), or a token pattern.    -   The standard treatment 204 that this particular token inherits        actions from. Note that an entire token might assume all of the        actions of a specific predefined standard treatment, or specific        actions may point to one or more specific treatments, as        discussed in FIG. 13.    -   The purpose(s) 206 of the token, including the intended purpose        and/or the purpose communicated to the user.    -   Actions 208 initiated by this token. The actions may be        specified according to function event and token state. Thus,        each token recorded in the token action log will potentially        involve multiple actions, with some actions corresponding to one        event and other actions corresponding to other events. This is        depicted in 208 by a data structure for the actions. This simple        example of an action data structure includes events, conditions,        and corresponding actions. There is the option as well for        specifying a “lag” for given events, which would be the time        period after the event occurs before the actions should be        executed. An example is given in 408. Actions do not have to be        kept within an imbedded data structure. The actions could be        recorded, for example, in a simple text file format. However,        storing actions in a data structure can help keep things        organized and aid system performance.    -   Meta data 210 about the token 202. Examples might include the        creation date of the token 202 and/or a list of users this token        has been sent to. In one embodiment, a date stamp may indicating        when the token was most recently used. Such information can be        recorded in the meta-data and/or it can be recorded in a Token        Event Log, as depicted in FIG. 3. Either way, such information        would be helpful in identifying old token entries that might be        cleaned out (removed or archived) from the token action log.        The set of items of information for a given token or token        pattern 202 constitutes a token action log entry 212. A TAL        would contain one or more such entries. A more detailed example        of the structure of a TAL in one embodiment is shown in FIG. 20.

Of course, the token action log 200 may be implemented using varioustypes of data structures known to those of skill in the art. Forexample, the token action log 200 may be embodied as an XML document,one or more tables in a database, or the like.

FIG.3 illustrates an Event Log 300, which relates but is different fromthe Token Action Log. The Event Log (EL) keeps track of when particularevents occur involving particular tokens or other file system objects.An EL may be embodied as a data table including the following types ofinformation:

-   -   An identifier of the object 302 undergoing the event. If the        object is a file, the object identifier might be the full file        name (including the file path). If the object is an email        message, the object identifier might be the unique email message        identifier. The identifier simply needs to be sufficient to        identify the specific object undergoing the given event.    -   The event 304 being tracked for that object.    -   The time lag 306 after the last occurrence in which the alarm        event should occur. This may, for example, be expressed in terms        of days, where decimal values can represent portions of days.    -   The last date and time that the given object experienced that        event 308. These values are updated by the TLM every time a        given object experiences an event that is tracked in step 1414        of FIG. 14. Note that every event experienced by a given object        does not necessarily need to be tracked in the Event Log. FIG.        14 shows that only events corresponding to lagged actions (and        thus event alarms) need to be tracked in the Event Log. However,        other events might be tracked, based on the configuration of the        TLM or of specific TAL entries.    -   The alarm date and time 310. The alarm is calculated as the last        occurrence value 306 plus the lag time 308. Note that the system        polls these alarm times to know when to initiate the        corresponding alarm events, as depicted in FIG. 18.    -   A flag as to whether the actions corresponding to the given        alarmed event have already been handled 312. This is to prevent        the system from inadvertently executing the actions        corresponding to the given alarm event after the alarm event has        already be handled. It can be beneficial to have the flag be the        actual date and time the event was handled, for both reference        and for access by other token events.        The configuration of an Event Log (or Alarm Event Log) is        described again in FIG. 20. That figure also shows that the        token itself might be recorded in the Event Log, which is        helpful in identifying which token initiated the given alarm        event.

FIG. 4 illustrates examples of useful token entries that may be recordedin a token action log, in one embodiment of the invention. Note thatthis is only a partial listing of TAL entries and fields, presented asan illustration.

Token action log entry 402 is a “construction” token for identifyingfile system entities pertaining to a particular construction project.The sample action shown is initiated at the event of the constructionproject being completed. When the TLM is notified that the event hasoccurred (i.e. that the construction project is complete), then anyfiles with the “construction” token attached will be automatically movedto an archive directory in the file system.

Token action log entry 404 is a “archive” token that is attached to anyfiles that are worthy of being archived before being deleted. If thefile system is about to delete the file (as specified by the operator orby some program), the “before file deleted” event occurs. The TLM seesthat the action for that event is to first copy that file to the archivedirectory. After that, the file system can proceed with the deletefunction as usual.

Token action log entry 406 is a “readonly” token that behaves like atraditional readonly file attribute, albeit as implemented via the TLMand TAL entry. An operator may attempt to delete or overwrite a filewith the “readonly” token attached. However, the TLM observes that theTAL entry will override the delete or overwrite functions: firstpresenting an error message (titled “readonly”), and then canceling thefile system function (and thus preventing the file from being deleted oroverwritten).

Token action log entry 408 represents a token that is attached to“temporary” files. A file with this “temporary” token attached willautomatically be deleted after a specified number of days has passedsince the file was last accessed.

Token action log entry 410 represents a token that is attached to filesconsidered to be “important.” It prevents files from being deletedwithout confirmation, and automatically backs-up the file whenever it isclosed from being edited.

Token action log entry 412 represents a token that is attached to filesthat are re-constructed on an annual basis. It automatically deletes (bythe rm command) the file one year after it is created.

Items 414, 416, and 418 represents examples of files that have tokensattached. 414 has three tokens attached, one of which has tokenparameters. The parameter “(20 days)” indicates that the temporary tokenshould assume a 20 day lag instead of the default 10 day lag. For fileswith multiple tokens, all matching tokens would pertain to that fileunless the system was configured otherwise.

FIG. 5 illustrates examples of the use of Standard Treatments in tokenaction log entries, in one embodiment of the invention. Note that thisis only a partial listing of TAL and Standard Treatment TAL entries andfields, presented as an illustration.

Items 502 through 508 are example entries in a TAL that refer toStandard Treatments 510 through 514. The intent is to demonstrate howStandard Treatments might exist and be referenced in a TAL. Note thatthis is only one embodiment, and by no means restricts the language bywhich TAL actions refer to Standard Treatments.

Token action log entry 502 is a “construction” token, but here it pointsto a Standard Treatment for this being a project. The Standard Treatment510 identifies the actions pertaining to that project.

Token action log entry 504 is a token for files pertaining to a“training” project. It is also treated as a project, but in addition,the TLM will remind the operator to send changes to the training team(for any files with the token attached).

Token action log entry 506 is a token for files pertaining to a projectto climb Mount Everest. Since this is a personal project, it is treatedboth as a project 510 and as personal 512. Thus, it assumes the actionsof both of those standard treatments.

Token action log entry 508 is a token for files containing “passwords”to log in to online accounts. It can be difficult to remember thepersonal passwords for all of the online accounts one is registered for,and dangerous to record those passwords where someone could find them.In one embodiment, the “passwords” token is attached to any files thatcontain a personal passwords. It is treated as both personal 512 and assecret 514. Of course, this assumes that the TLM and the token actionlog are kept secure, such as through encryption and file-accesspasswords (which should be standard practice).

Referring to FIG. 6, the general use of token action logs can bedescribed via a “Function Initiated” procedure, where a “function” canbe any function of the host system. The “host system” is the system inwhich the TLM is incorporated. As used herein, the term “host system” is“a device, program, or system in which the given sub-system resides.”Another name of the “host system” may be the “parent system.”

The procedure begins when a function is initiated 602. The TLM is firstcalled upon to “use the token action log” with the event “before [thegiven function]”0 604. This checks for token actions to be performedbefore the given function is initiated, which is described in detail insubsequent figures. The token may actually cancel the function 606, inwhich case the function is not performed and the canceling of thefunction is possibly reported 608.

If the function is not canceled, the host system or TLM initiates thefunction 610. For example, the host system may be an email client thathas a subroutine that deletes messages. If the TLM determines (viainformation in the token action log) that the delete function should becanceled, then the email client should not delete the message.

After a function is performed 610, the TLM again uses the token actionlog with the event “after [the given function]” 612, which checks fortoken actions to be performed after that function is performed.

The range of possible events triggering the use of a TLM is as wide asthe range of possible applications. The events are typically affiliatedwith functions of the host system in which the TLM is incorporated.

As an example, a file system might have “before . . . ” and “after . . .” events corresponding to the following types of functions:

-   -   file created—a new file is created.    -   file deleted—a file is deleted.    -   file filed—a file is moved to a folder.    -   file printed—a given file is printed.    -   file archived—the file is copied to an archive location.        Any functions of any host system could trigger an event of        relevance to the TLM.

An event “before [function]” might occur before a function of the hostsystem is performed, and an event “after [function]” might occur afterthe function is performed. A primary distinction between the two typesis that “before . . . ” events may have the possibility of canceling therequested function, if the host system will allow the function to becancelled. For example, the event “before file deleted” might bereferred to the TLM. The given object experiencing the event might havea token attached that cancels the given file delete function, preventingthe file from being deleted. Some host system functions may have no“before . . . ” events. For example, an email message processing hostsystem has a function of “message received,” which the TLM can act onafter the message is received, but without knowledge of the messagebefore it is received.

FIG. 7 shows one embodiment of a TLM procedure for using a Token ActionLog. Referring to FIG. 7, there are two general classes of eventsinvolving tokens. The first is an object (such as a file) event which anevent involving an object that may have one or more tokens attached.Examples of file-object events include: “before file deleted,” “beforefile printed,” “after file executed,” etc. The second is a token eventwhich is an event involving a token record in a token action log,independent of any other object, which is called a “token event.” Notethat this distinction is not restrictive, because a token itself is anobject. The point is that an independent token that experiences an eventis considered to be attached to itself.

If an object event occurs 702, the object (such as a data file) with anyattached tokens are referred to the TLM for token processing. The TLMextracts any token(s) attached to the object 704. Then, the TLM looks upthe token(s) in the token action log(s) 706. The TLM checks any matchingtokens to see if they are expired or not 708, then identifies relevantactions 710. The TLM determines if the actions point to one or morestandard treatments 712. The TLM checks to see if the given actions havea specified event lag 714, or if the event is an alarm even from apreviously noted event lag. The TLM confirms the relevant token actionsto be performed, as necessary 716. The resulting actions are processed718. Finally, the outcome is reported to the token issuer, as desired720.

As mentioned, it is possible that an event occurs that involves a tokenitself, but no other object 722. For example, if a token issuer attemptsto delete a token, the event “before token deleted” occurs. In thiscase, the TLM is called with no other object except for the token (ortokens) itself. The “object” is “null,” meaning there is no object 724.The TLM does not need to get the token 704, since the token is alreadydetermined. Instead, the token is assumed to be the given token, whichis looked up in the token action logs 726. Otherwise, the procedurecontinues as usual with checking the token match for validity 708, etc.

FIG. 8 is one embodiment of the “get object token(s)” procedure 704.This and subsequent figures consider the “object” being a “file,” orsome other file-system entity. The more general description of a “file”might be a data object of some sort, including but not limited to filedirectories, links to files, messages, media files, data structureentries, etc. Without loss of generality, the phrase “file-systementity” or the name of some object could be substituted for “object” or“file” in this and subsequent figures.

A file (again, this can be read “object” or “file-system entity”)experiences some event, causing this procedure to be called 802. Thefile is checked to see if it has one or more tokens 804. If no token isfound attached to the object 804, then the “token” is considered to be“(blank)” 806. A “(blank)” token is a token designated to match forfiles that have no token. This allows us to look up relevant actions forfiles that have no token attached.

If there is more than one token attached to the file, then it may benecessary to consider each. The procedure begins with the first tokenpresent 808. In the case of a “(blank)” token, the first file token isthat “(blank)” token. Each token may include parameters 810, whichshould be noted by the TLM in case they are needed in processing theactions of the token.

The system then looks up the token in the token action log(s) andprocesses the relevant actions 814, which is detailed in subsequentfigures. If there are no more tokens with this file 814, the procedureends 816. (As used in the figures, the term “return” is used in acomputer programming sense—to finish a sub-process and return to thecalling process.)

If there are more tokens, the token issuer (i.e. the person configuringthe TLM) may have set a setting to not handle multiple tokens 818, inwhich case the procedure ends 820. Otherwise, the next file token isretrieved 822 and the procedure repeats by cycling at the point ofnoting the subsequent token's parameters 810.

In many applications, it is sufficient for one token to be associatedwith a given file. However, other applications may benefit from multipletokens being associated with given files. Various means for dealing withmultiple tokens exist, depending on the implementation. Alternativesinclude:

-   -   The tokens can be processed in the order in which they are        associated with the file.    -   The tokens can be processed in an order based on a priority        indicated in the receiver's token action log. (see the        description of FIG. 20)

FIG. 9 is one embodiment of the “look up token(s)” procedure 706. Theprocedure of FIG. 9 is called when a token has been identified and thetoken needs to be looked up in the system's token action log(s). Thesystem begins this procedure by having an identified token 902 thatneeds to be looked up in the token action log(s). (Or the “(blank)”token meaning no token was attached to the file.) The system looks inthe appropriate token action log to see if the token exists there 904.

In one embodiment, a TLM may have multiple token action logs. A TLM willtypically have one (or more) primary token action log(s), and at one (ormore) “Standard Treatments” log. “Standard treatments” is a token actionlog that defines actions for classes of tokens, rather than forindividual tokens. Of course, a “Standard Treatments” log need not beimplemented as a token action log.

Examples of Standard Treatments were shown in FIG. 5. The “token” in thestandard treatments file may be the “treatment” name (e.g.,“important”). One other valuable “treatment” is “default” whichspecifies default actions for files tokens that have no actions for aspecific event and/or token status defined. Therefore, if this procedureis to look use “standard treatments” as the token action log, then thespecific treatment name is used as the “token” to search for.

A “token match” is an entry in a token action log that matches the giventoken. That means that it matches not only the token (or, in the case ofstandard treatments, the treatment), but also other conditions for tokenuse, as recorded in the TAL.

Referring to FIG. 9, if the token is not found in the token action log906, then the TLM checks to see if the token is “(blank),” meaning therewas no token attached to the file 908. If the token is “(blank)” thenthe TLM attempts to initiate a default treatment for this token giventhe token status “blank token” 910, which is detailed in a subsequentfigure. If the token is not blank, then the TLM attempts to initiate thedefault treatment for that token given the token status “invalid token”912.

In one embodiment, when the TLM considers a token attached to an object(or an independent token), it determines the token status. Note that thedetermination of token status may be accomplished as a permanent part ofthe TLM, or it may be accomplished through actions associated with oneor more tokens in the TAL. A number of status values are possible withinthe scope of the invention:

-   -   blank token—since no token is attached to the file being process        the (blank) token is considered, and the (blank) token is valid.    -   invalid token—the token (blank or non-blank) was not found in        the token action log.    -   expired token—the token (blank or non-blank) was found in the        token action log, but it was expired.    -   valid token—the token (blank or non-blank) was found in the        token action log, and it was not expired.    -   misused token—a non-blank token that exists in the token action        log but does not meet basic conditions for use. For example, a        system operator may attempt to use the token without appropriate        authorization.    -   expired token—a non-blank token that exists in the token action        log but is expired.    -   invalid blank token—a blank token with no blank token entry in        the token action log.    -   misused blank token—a blank token that exists in the token        action log but does not meet basic conditions for use.    -   expired blank token—a blank token that exists in the token        action log but is expired.    -   valid blank token—a blank token that is found in the token        action log and meets all criteria for use (and is not expired).

There may be other specific token states representing specific ways agiven token could be invalid. A general approach would be to have twoprimary token status values: valid and invalid. Then, there could be anynumber of secondary token status values for invalid tokens, specifyingwhy the token is considered invalid, e.g.:

-   -   invalid: not found—token not found in the token action log    -   invalid: bad user—token being used by an authorized user    -   invalid: expired date—the token expiration date has passed    -   invalid: expired uses—the token uses is less than one

An advantage of that token status scheme is that it can easily employwildcard characters in the token actions recorded in the token actionlog. For example, a given token action log entry might specify oneaction for invalid tokens due to an expired date (such as sending a fileabout when that expiration date was) and another action for all otherinvalid token status values. The token action log might include a firstaction entry (for the given function event) for “[[[invalid: expireddate]]]” and a subsequent action entry for “[[[invalid: *]]]” where “*”is a wildcard indicating any match. (So-called “regular expressions”could also be used.) If the TLM system is configured to only act on thefirst matching action for a given token, then this setup of tokenactions will accomplish the desired system behavior.

Further, the token status could be multi-dimensional. The token statuscould contain the following elements:

-   -   validity=valid or invalid    -   violation=reason(s) for invalidity    -   presence=blank or non-blank.

Then, in the token action log the actions could be specified accordingto these elements, utilizing wildcards as desired (and default tokenstatus elements as appropriate). An identifier format in the tokenaction log action could be [[[validity (violation) presence token]]],indicating action matches such as the following:

-   -   [[[valid blank token]]] matches a blank token that is found in        the token action log.    -   [[[valid*token]]] matches a blank or non-blank token.    -   [[[invalid (*) non-blank token]]] matches any invalid non-blank        token.    -   [[[invalid (expired date|expired uses)*token]]] matches any        blank or non-blank token in the token action log that has an        expired date or expired uses.

The appropriate token status value for a given token is determined bythe procedures of the TLM. Whether such a more extensive list ofpossible token values would be beneficial depends on the context for TLMimplementation.

In some cases, more than one entry in the token action log may match thegiven token. The TLM considers that possibility, and may begin with thefirst match 914. In one embodiment, a function of the TLM is to checkthe token to assure it is not expired, and to process the relevantactions 916, which is detailed in subsequent figures.

If there are no more matching entries in the token action log 918, theprocedure ends 920. Otherwise, if the TLM administrator has set the TLMto handle not handle multiple matches 922, the procedure ends 924. Ifnot, the TLM gets the next token action log entry match 926 and repeatsat 916.

FIG. 10 is one embodiment of the “check token match” procedure 708.Having a token match 1002 means that one or more entries in the tokenfile matched the token under consideration (which could be a blank tokenor a non-blank token).

One purpose of the “check token match” procedure 708 is to determinewhether the token has expired 1004, and to identify the correct tokenstatus. There are various ways a token can expire. For example, theexpiration date on the token may have passed. Alternatively, the tokenmay be authorized for only a set number of uses, and which number hasbeen exceeded.

If the token match is expired by any expiration criteria, the tokenstatus is “expired token” 1006 and the system goes to the procedure toidentify appropriate actions for that token status 1016 which isdetailed in subsequent figures. If the token match does not meetexpiration criteria, then the system either leaves the token status asit is 1008, or, if the token status is not set, the system sets thetoken status to the appropriate valid value. If the token is blank 1010,then the token status should reflect that the token is blank 1012. Notethat a token status of “blank token” has the meaning “blank token thatis valid (i.e. found in token action log and not expired).” If, however,the token is not blank, then the token status becomes “valid token”1014, which has the meaning “non-blank token that is valid (i.e. foundin token action log and not expired).” Regardless of the token status,the procedure proceeds to identify and process token actions 1016.

FIG. 11 shows one embodiment of the “identify token actions” procedure710 and proceeds from step 1016 of FIG. 10. A purpose of this procedureis to identify an action set for the given event and token status atstep 1102. This includes looking for default actions, where appropriate.

In some cases, the token itself may point to a standard treatment. Ifsuch is detected 1104, then the action set for this token is augmentedwith the actions of the standard treatment 1106. In some cases, actionsspecific to the given token might override actions that are part of thestandard treatment.

Next, the action set is reduced to those pertaining to the given eventand given token status. A first possibility is if the token match itselfcontains actions for the given event and token status 1108. If there areactions defined in the token match, then the system uses those actions1110 and proceeds to the next procedure to check for action-specificstandard treatment 1112.

If the token match does not have actions defined for the given tokenmatch, there is still the possibility of default actions. First, the TLMcan look for default actions for the given event 1114, which are invokedregardless of the token status. If none are found then the TLM can lookfor default actions for the given token status 1116 regardless of theevent. Note that these last two steps can possibly be switched, shouldthe system designer prefer to have token status take precedence overevent in searching for default actions.

If none of those default actions are found in the given token actionlog, the procedure might still look for a default action in the“standard treatments” token action log 1118, which is described in thenext figure.

FIG. 12 attempts to identify a default treatment. This procedures may becalled from the prior procedure 1112 if it is desirable to check the“standard treatments” token action log for default actions. Since theprior procedure may already be looking in the “standard treatments”token action log, there may be a need to abandon this search 1204 toavoid infinite recursion. In other words, if no default treatment wasfound in the “standard treatments”token action log, then options fordefault actions have been exhausted, and the TLM may report such 1206.

If the TLM has not already checked for a default treatment in the“standard treatments” token action log, then it can look for such simplyby calling the “look up token” procedure (described in a prior figure),specifying to look in “standard treatments” for the “default” treatment.Again, that is the last resort, so the TLM returns after that attempt1210. This “return” means to return (to the calling process) anindicator as to whether or not the relevant token action resulted incanceling the action.

FIG. 13 shows one embodiment of a procedure to check for standardtreatments, and corresponds to 712. This is the idea that standardtreatments can be defined and potentially referred to by multiple TALentries. The procedure begins having actions 1302 that may potentiallypoint to standard treatments. If the actions point to standard treatment1304 then the procedure looks up the standard treatment 1306. If thestandard treatment exists 1308 among the defined standard treatments,then the action of the standard treatment is considered to be the actionof the token 1312. The procedure then continues by checking for an eventlag 1312. If the standard treatment action is not found in the definedstandard treatments, an error can be reported to the operator 1310.

In one implementation, the system keeps track of which treatments havebeen called for the given token, so that a treatment does notinadvertently wind up calling itself and thus causing infiniterecursion. One method is to prevent actions from the “standardtreatments” file from calling other standard treatments.

FIG. 14 shows one embodiment of the “check for event lag” procedure, andcorresponds to 714. If a token action has an event lag, then the actionis to be executed a given amount of time after the event actually occurs(or most recently occurs). The system begins by having a token actionmatch 1402. If there are multiple token action matches, then thissub-procedure would be called for each. If the event is an alarm event1404, then this means that the time lag has probably passed. Alarmevents are instigated in the TLM by a procedure that scans alarmsrecorded in the Event Log. An example of such procedure is shown in FIG.18.

If the event is an alarm event, and if the alarm is already handled 1410then the procedure simply returns 1412 without handling the alarm again.Note that in one embodiment, alarm events can trigger actions that resetthe alarm or set other alarms to provide for recurring alarm events.

If the alarm event is not yet handled 1410, then the TLM may take theprecaution of assuring that the alarm is accurately recorded in theevent log. This includes determining that the alarm time is theappropriate lag amount from the last occurrence time for the givenobject and event. Such precaution is necessary for various reasons,including the possibility that the lag value may have been changed fromits original value.

Subsequently, the TLM checks that the alarm time has indeed passed 1416.If the alarm time has not passed, the there is no need to perform theactions pertaining to the alarm event at this time 1418. However, if thealarm time has indeed passed, the procedure continues by confirming andprocessing the actions. It is assumed that a procedure such as shown inFIG. 18 will trigger an alarm event at the time that the given alarmtime has passed.

If the event is not an alarm event, it is still necessary to determineif it should set up an alarm event. This is specified by the presence ofa non-zero event lag 1406. If there is a non-zero event lag, then theactions should not be performed until some time in the future, asspecified by the event lag value. Therefore, the procedure should assurethat the Event Log accurately records the accurate event and alarminformation. This may include creating a new entry in the Event Log 300,or updating an appropriate entry already in the Event Log.

If the event is not an alarm event 1404, and there is a non-zero eventlag 1406, then it is unlikely that the alarm time has passed 1416. Undersuch conditions the TLM will return 1418 without processing the actions.Again, it is assumed that a procedure such as shown in FIG. 18 willtrigger an alarm event at the time that the given alarm time has passed.

If the event is not an alarm event 1404, and there is no event lag 1406,then the TAL entry would be considered to involve an immediate event, oran event whose corresponding actions for the given token should beexecuted immediately upon the occurrence of the object event. Therefore,the procedure continues processing the actions 1408.

FIG. 15 shows one embodiment of the “confirm actions” procedure 716.This allows for the possibility that the system operator desires orneeds to be prompted about actions to perform 1504. If the operator hasspecified to be prompted for actions, then the action set to beperformed 1510 is limited by the indicated preferences of the issuer1508. Whatever actions result from the operator preferences are thenprocessed 1506, which is detailed in the subsequent figure. Of course,the “confirm actions” procedure is optional, and would not be useful insome applications of this invention.

FIG. 16 corresponds to the “process actions” procedure 718. Theprocedure begins with a set of actions 1602, such as obtained from theprocedure of the prior figures. Since there may be multiple actions, theprocedure starts at the top of the action list 1604. If there are nomore actions on the list 1606 then the procedure is done and can reportwhat happened 1608.

If there are more actions to be processed, the procedure gets the nextaction on the list 1610. If it happens to be a conditional branch 1612,the procedure determines the condition that causes the branch 1614 andbranch as appropriate 1616. An example of a conditional branch is “ifthe file contains audio data, play the file with an audio playingprogram.” (The verb “branch” is used in the programming sense: toproceed with a different command in the action list.) If it is anunconditional branch action 1618, the branch is taken 1616 without theneed to check a condition.

As another example of a special action, the TLM considers if the currentaction is a “cancel function” action 1620, which means the function thatinitiated the event should not be performed. If such was the command, itis noted 1622, so that this information can be returned back to thecalling procedure (and the function can indeed be canceled). Anotherspecial action not shown in this figure might be a “un-cancel function”action which would reverse the effect of a “cancel function” action (byresetting the note to cancel the function).

There could be any number of other actions that might be specified in atoken action log entry. Functions of the host system could be tokenactions. If the host system were a messaging system, actions mightinclude sending messages, deleting messages, filing messages, etc. Othertoken actions might involve the TLM, such as modifying a TAL entry.Other token actions might involve the overall system, such as notifyingthe operator of the system via audio or visual alerts, initiating ahardware device, or executing a software program. The actions availablefor use with tokens will depend on the specific implementation, and arenot restricted by this patent.

Generically, the actions are performed 1624. Note that the actions maypossibly utilize parameters that are stored with the token and whichwere noted previously 810, or may utilize token conditions recorded inthe specific token action log entry 204. This procedure repeats itselfuntil all actions on the action list have been appropriately addressed.

FIG. 17 corresponds to the “report occurrence” procedure 711, 1206,1310, and 1608. This procedure provides for the opportunity of reportingany TLM occurrence that may occur. In one embodiment, the procedurebegins by being given a specific occurrence to possibly report 1702.

Two possible ways of “reporting” are considered here, although there maybe others. First, the occurrence might be logged 1704, which is to notethe occurrence in some type of log file 1706. Second, the systemoperator might desire to be notified of this given type of occurrence1708. For example, the TLM might notify the user 1710 by sounding a beepand displaying a file, etc. In other cases, no reporting is done.

After reporting the occurrence as desired, the procedure returns to thecalling procedure 1712. As mentioned previously, this may includereturning a flag or other indicator about whether the token actionsspecified to cancel the initiating function.

FIG. 18 depicts one embodiment of a procedure for polling the Event Logto determine when the actions corresponding to lagged events should beprocessed. Even though the procedure has a start point 1802, it isassumed that this procedure continues to execute on an ongoing basis,perhaps as a system service. The system checks to see if one of thealarm times recorded in the Event Log has passed 1804. There may be manyevent times recorded in the Event Log, but the non-handled alarm that ischronologically first is generally the most important to watch. If nonon-handled alarms have passed, then the system simply waits until onehas passed 1806.

When an alarm time recorded in the Event Log has passed, the procedureinitiates a token event that is an alarm event 1808, which follows theprocedure as outlined in FIG. 7 and figures subsequent to FIG. 7. Afterthe TLM has handled the alarm event, it is necessary to record that thegiven alarm event has been handled 1810. This effectively “turns off”the alarm so that it does not accidentally execute again. However, inanother embodiment an alarm event action might create additional EventLog entries, thus providing for recurring actions following a givenevent.

FIG. 19 depicts one embodiment of a TLM system as it would interact withthe “host system” or “parent system” in which the TLM operates. The TLMis depicted within the dotted box, and it is shown that the TLMinteracts with the host system and thereby with the file system andexternal networks. Not shown is that the TLM may also interact withother elements of the host system, such as system memory, peripherals,or input devices.

Some of the key elements of a TLM system are illustrated in FIG. 19, andinclude the following:

-   -   In one embodiment, a TLM User Interface is provided for the        system operator to control the TLM, and especially to manage the        entries of the TALs.    -   In one embodiment, a Token Creator and Editor is provided to        create entries in the TAL and/or allow the operator or the        system to modify entries in the TALs.    -   In one embodiment, a Token Distributor is provided to distribute        tokens by attaching them to various file system entities or        objects.    -   In one embodiment, a Token Action Log (TAL) is provided to store        tokens actions, and other token information. Not shown in FIG.        19 are other TALs, such as Standard Treatments shared by        multiple tokens.    -   In one embodiment, an Event Detector is provided to receive        reports of events from the host system or from alarm events        generated within the TLM. Other events may enter the system        which are external to the file system and the TLM. These        external events indicate one or more specific tokens which may        be associated with one or more file system entities.    -   In one embodiment, a File Lookup Module is provided to lookup        file system entities associated with a given token that is        indicated by an external event. For example, the external event        “after construction-project completed” might trigger the looking        up of all file system objects associated with a        “construction-project” token.    -   In one embodiment, a TAL Lookup Module is provided to identify        which one or more TAL entries pertain to a given event for a        given object.    -   In one embodiment, an Alarm Event Manager is provided to keep an        Event Log that includes notation of alarm events corresponding        to lagged event activities of specific file system entities or        tokens. The Alarm Event Manager also triggers alarm events at        the appropriate time as noted in the Event Log.    -   In one embodiment, an Action Manager is provided to execute        appropriate actions indicated for the given token associated        with the given file system entity or entities. These actions may        be functions within the TLM itself, such as the modification of        a given TAL entry. Or, the actions may be function pertaining to        the host system, such as sending an email message if the host        system happens to be an email client.

Each of the modules described herein may be implemented using anysuitable combination of software and/or hardware. In certainembodiments, the functionality of two or more modules may be combinedinto a single module. Alternatively, two or more modules may be used toimplement the described functions of a single module.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a data structure for a TAL andrelated files. The TAL itself may be by a series of related tables, suchas those enclosed in the dashed box. The five data tables include inthis embodiment of a TAL include the following:

-   -   a “Tokens” table. Each of one or more entires includes the token        itself (or the token pattern), a treatment that provides        standard treatment actions for this token, the intended purposes        of the token, a description of the token, the priority of the        token (when a given file-system object is associated with        multiple tokens, the token priority tells which tokens' actions        should be addressed first). Other useful meta-information in        that table is a count of the number of time the token actions        have been initiated (uses), and the data and time the token was        last used (to help see token activity). Finally, the table may        include a flag as to whether the token is disabled, in case the        system operator desires to temporarily disable all actions        associated with the given token.    -   a “Token Actions” table, which identifies the one or more        actions pertaining to each given token. This table might include        reference to a “Settings” table and setting values. The        “Settings” table describes various common settings that may        pertain to tokens, and will be described below. The “Token        Actions” table would also include relevant information about        when the actions should be executed, such as the event, the        event lag, the action priority, and any conditions. When        multiple actions match for a given event, the action priority        indicates which of the actions should be executed first. A final        field that might be included in a Token Actions table is a flag        that allows the system operator to temporarily disable specific        actions.    -   a “Token Variables” table allows the tokens to have variables        that can be manipulated by token actions. For example, a token        that automatically backs up files may need to track the last        time the backup was performed, to then calculate when the backup        interval has passed again. As such, a “last backup date”        variable might be associated with that token. Or, a token that        is used to tally RSVP counts for categories “will attend,” “will        not attend,” and “undecided” might have token variables for        those categories to keep track of the RSVP counts.    -   a “Token Use Log” is a table that might simply track individuals        who use the given token. The example shown in FIG. 20 is as        might exist in an email system. It tracks who the people are        that use a given token, as well as their email addresses. This        information would be valuable if the token limited the number of        times a given sender can use the token with a message (as        counted in the uses field). The information might also be        valuable to identify individuals who have not used the token for        a significant amount of time (as tracked in the last_used        field).    -   a “Token Issuance” table may indicate which file-system entities        the given token has been associated with, or which external        users the given token has been sent to. The latter example again        pertains to use of a TAL in an email system embodiment, as might        be illustrated in FIG. 20. There, in addition to tracking who        the token has been issued to, it also tracks their email address        and domain, which can be useful if the token action conditions        limit the use of the token to individuals or domains that have        had the token previously issued. The “Token Issuance” table        might also track the issue date and purposes for the token which        were given at the time of issuance. This is useful because the        actual purpose of the token might differ from the information        portrayed to potential users of the token. For example, the        actual use of a token issued to marketing companies might be to        track “junk mail,” but the company might be told that the token        is to be used for “general correspondence.” Again, the “Token        Issuance” table might track the when the given token has been        used by the given person (or for the given file-system entity),        and the future use of that token for that person (or entity)        might be temporarily disabled.        Again, these five tables represent one embodiment of the TAL        concept. The other three tables depicted in FIG. 20 may also be        useful in a TLM system.    -   an “Alarm Event Log” table was described in FIG. 3, and its use,        in one embodiment, was described in FIG. 14 and FIG. 18. For a        description of the possible fields of such an Event Log, see the        discussion of FIG. 3.    -   a “Possible Events” table simply records id values for the        various types of file-system events that can initiate actions as        recorded in a TAL. One purpose of the “Possible Events” table is        to allow for a degree of normalization of the other tables that        refer to specific events. Instead of referring to events by        their full descriptions in a table, the corresponding event id        can be noted.    -   as mentioned previously, a “Settings” table can be useful in        identifying common settings that may pertain to various tokens.        This primarily has the purpose of facilitating a user-friendly        user interface for creating tokens and specifying the token        actions. Rather than manually coding and entering token actions        into the “Token Actions” table within the TAL, the user might        simply select from a set of choices listed in the Settings        table. The settings might involve values to be specified by the        user, as depicted in FIG. 21. The settings might be associated        with specific token actions via the setting_id fields, which        would allow the user to change the settings corresponding to        specific token actions without having to manipulate the “Token        Action” entries directly.

FIG. 21 shows some examples of common “Settings” in one application of aTLM system. These settings were alluded to in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. Not allfields of a “Settings” table are shown in FIG. 21, but enough toillustrate the concept. The following are some highlights of thatfigure:

-   -   A “No Overwrite” setting would make a token prevent associated        files from being overwritten. The triggering event is [before        file written] and the action is to alert the operator that the        “File is read only” and subsequently cancel the write function.        Both the “No Overwrite” and the “No Delete” settings might be        used for a token that is designated for “Read Only” files.    -   A “Temporary” setting would be used for tokens that would be        associated with temporary files. The TLM operator would need to        specify the number of days after last use that the system should        automatically delete the file, or accept the default value of 7        days. (FIG. 21 items in {braces} are values that can be provided        by the operator to indicate preferences in token behavior.) When        that lagged event occurs, the action is to delete the file.    -   An “Important” setting contains action logic that tests whether        the operator confirms that the file should be deleted.        Conditional logic then either moves the file to an archive        directory (if the operator agrees to delete), otherwise cancels        the delete function.    -   The “Auto-backup” setting specifies that files associated with        the given token would be automatically backed up to a given        location (indicated by {value1}) after the given file is closed.    -   The “Personal” setting includes a condition in the conditions        field. That condition is that the operator gives the correct        password (indicated by {value1}) in order to open the file. Note        that setting values are recorded on the “Token Actions” table of        FIG. 20. The conditions may be included as part of the actions,        or in a separate field, depending on the implementation.        Again, the examples given in FIG. 21 are for illustration        purposes, but are not intended to specify how settings must be        configured in any given application of the invention. Other and        different settings might exist for other applications. For        example, the following are settings that might pertain to an        implementation of a TLM system in a email messaging context.        (Titles and descriptions are given, followed by token actions        that include [events] and conditions. Again, items in {braces}        represent preference options that might be provided by the        system operator.)    -   Valid Senders: Sender's address must be in token's Issuance        list, otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}.        (token actions: [after message received] if(message.from not in        token.issuance) reply({reply message}); file_in({folder}),stop;)    -   Uses: Only allow this token to be received {number} times,        otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token        actions: [after message received]        if(update(token.uses)>{number})reply((reply message));        file_in({folder});stop;)    -   User Uses: Only allow token to be used {number} times from a        given address, otherwise send {reply message} and file in        {folder}. (token actions: [after message        received]if(update(token_use_log))>{number})reply({reply        message}); file_in({folder});stop;)    -   Expiration: This token expires {days} days after {event},        otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token        actions: [after message received] if(now>date({days} days after        {event})) reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});stop;)    -   Expiration Date: This token expires on {month} {day}, {year},        otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token        actions: [after message received]        if(now>date({day}-{month}-{year})) reply({reply message});        file_in({folder});stop;)    -   Attachments: Remove attachments with total size greater than        {size} KB, otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}.        (token actions: [after message received]        if(message.attachment_size>{size}) remove(message.attachments);        reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Images: Remove images with total size greater than {size} KB,        otherwise send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token        actions: [after message received] if(message.image_size>{size})        remove(message.images); reply({reply message}),        file_in({folder});)    -   To Plain Text: Convert received messages to plain text. (token        actions: [after message received]        if(to_plain_text(message.body)))    -   Messages: Truncate messages larger than {size} KB, otherwise        send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions:        [after message received] if(message.body_size>{size})        truncate(message.body,{size}); reply({reply message}));        file_in({folder});)    -   Sound Alert: When message received play the sound {sound}.        (token actions: [after message received] play({sound});)    -   Subject Font: Set message subject font to {font size} {font        color} {font style}. (token actions: [after message received]        set(message.list_font, {font size}-{font color}-{font style});)    -   Icon: Show message with the icon {icon}. (token actions:[after        message received] set(message.icon,{icon});)    -   Auto-Reply: Any received message, then send {reply message} and        file in {folder}. (token actions: [after message received]        reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Auto-Forward: Forward message to {address}. (token actions:        [after message received] forward({address});)    -   When Received: When message Received, then send {reply message}        and file in {folder}. (token actions: [after message received]        reply({(reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   When Read: When message Read, then send {reply message} and file        in {folder}. (token actions: [before message read] reply({reply        message}); file_in({folder});)    -   When Archived: When message Archived, then send {reply message}        and file in {folder}. (token actions: [before message archived]        cancel; reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});cancel;)    -   When Deleted: When message Deleted, then send {reply message}        and file in {folder}. (token actions: [before message deleted]        cancel, reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});cancel;)    -   Amount: Amount of transaction no more than ${amount}, otherwise        send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions:        [after message received] if({token.parameter(amount)}>{amount})        reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});stop;)    -   Vendor: Vendor name must begin with {vendor}, otherwise send        {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions: [after        message received] if(token.parameter(vendor) not begins        {vendor}) reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});stop;)    -   Validate: Otherwise, respond that TAT is valid, otherwise send        {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions: [after        message received] reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Archive Message: automatically {days} days after {event}, by        send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions:        {event} reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Delete Message: automatically {days} days after {event}, by send        {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions: {event}        reply({reply message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Archive Token: automatically {days} days after {event}. (token        actions: {event}set(token.status,archived);)    -   Delete Token: automatically {days} days after {event}. (token        actions: {event}set(token.status,deleted);)    -   RSVP count: Count the response options {option set}. (token        actions: [after message received] if(token_parameter(rsvp)        matches {option set});        init_token_variable(rsvp-token_parameter(rsvp), 0);        inc_token_variable(rsvp-token_parameter(rsvp)); else, init        token_variable(rsvp-other,0); inc_token_variable(rsvp-other);)    -   RSVP sort: Sort the response options {option set} in {folder}.        (token actions: [after message received]        if(token_parameter(rsvp) matches {option set});        set(message.folder,{folder}/token_parameter(rsvp)); else;        set(message.folder,{folder});)    -   Custom Action 1: Event: {event} Actions: {actions}. (token        actions: [{event}]{actions})    -   Custom Action 2: Event: {event} Actions:{actions}. (token        actions: [{event}]{actions})    -   Custom Action 3: Event: {event} Actions:{actions}. (token        actions: [{event}]{actions})    -   Address Book: Accept message in address book, then send {reply        message} and file in {folder}. (token actions: [after message        received] if(message.from in address_book)        set(message.newmail,yes); reply({reply message});        file_in({folder});)    -   Token Request: Delete body of message requesting a token, then        send {reply message} and file in {folder}. (token actions:        [after message received] if(message.subject like “request*”)        remove(message.body); set(message.newmail,request); reply({reply        message}); file_in({folder});)    -   Tokenless: Delete tokenless messages, then send {reply message}        and file in {folder}. (token actions: [after message received]        if(message.newmail <>“no”) set(message.newmail,no); reply({reply        message}), file_in({folder});stop;)

While specific embodiments and applications of the present inventionhave been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that theinvention is not limited to the precise configuration and componentsdisclosed herein. Various modifications, changes, and variationsapparent to those skilled in the art may be made in the arrangement,operation, and details of the methods and systems of the presentinvention disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scopeof the invention.

1. A system for managing communications involving file entitiescomprising: means for storing a new entry in a user-extensible tokenaction log, the new entry comprising: a) a new token generated by thesystem as a random set of symbols, and b) one or more actions associatedwith the new token, which actions are to be automatically executed atthe event of receiving a file entity that has the new token attached viaa communication network; means for distributing the new token so thatthe new token will be attached to one or more file entities such thatthe token is transmitted together with each attached file entity; meansfor detecting an event involving a file entity that has been receivedwith an attached token via a communication network, which attached tokenis from the set of tokens previously stored in the token action log;means for identifying the attached token stored with the file entityinvolved in the detected event; means for retrieving from the tokenaction log one or more actions which correspond to the identified tokenand the detected event; and means for executing the retrieved actions.2. The system of claim 1 wherein the system is one or more of an emailsystem, a voice communication system, an instant messaging system, ashort text messaging system, a video messaging system, and a contentsubscription system.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the received fileentity is one or more of a plain text message, a rich text message, anaudio message, a still image, a video message, and a data file.
 4. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein one or more of the retrieved actions includeautomatically altering the way in which the received file entity isrepresented on a display device, the alteration comprising one or moreof altering the display font size, altering the display font color,altering the display font style, and altering the display icon.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1 wherein one or more of the actions associated with thenew token are represented as one or more settings which can be modifiedby a system operator.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein one or moresettings comprise one or more of an indication of a folder into whichattached file entities are to be automatically filed, an indication ofan address to which a copy of attached file entity should beautomatically forwarded, an indication of a flag to be automaticallyassociated with an attached file entity, an indication of one or moreconditions under which an attached file entity should be automaticallyrejected, and an indication of the way in which a representation of anattached file entity is to be visual represented on a display device. 7.The system of claim 1 wherein one or more of the actions associated withthe new token comprises setting an alarm for delayed future actions. 8.The system of claim 7 wherein the alarm time is implied by the passageof time since a given event occurred, with the given event being one ormore of receiving an attached file entity, reading an attached fileentity, filing an attached file entity, archiving an attached fileentity, and deleting an attached file entity.
 9. The system of claim 7wherein one or more of the delayed future actions comprisesautomatically altering the way in which the received file entity isrepresented on a display device.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein thereceived file entity is associated with one or more other file entitiesbased on the received file entity and the one or more other fileentities having one or more attached tokens in common.
 11. A method formanaging file entities in a system, the method comprising: storing a newentry in a user-extensible token action log, the new entry comprising:a) a new token as a set of symbols that together have no priorfunctional meaning within the system, and b) one or more actionsassociated with the new token, which actions are to be automaticallyexecuted when a file entity associated with the new token experiences apredetermined event; providing a system operator with a command foraccessing the new token so that the new token will be associated withone or more file entities by the system; detecting a predetermined eventinvolving a file entity with an associated token, which associated tokenis from the set of tokens previously stored in the token action log;identifying the token associated with the file entity involved in thedetected event; retrieving from the token action log one or more actionswhich correspond to the identified token and the detected event; andexecuting the retrieved actions.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein thefile entities are one or more of files, directories, links to files,links to directories, data structures, data structure elements, images,video data, audio data, messages, and message attachments.
 13. Themethod of claim 11 wherein the predetermined event is one or more ofdeleting the file entity, opening the file-system entity, copying thefile-system entity, printing the file entity, receiving the file-systementity over a network connection, sending the file entity over a networkconnection, backing up the file-system entity, moving the file entity,executing the file entity, creating the file entity, modifying the fileentity, displaying a representation of the file entity, and associatinga token with the file entity.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein one ormore of the retrieved actions include automatically altering the way inwhich the file entity is represented on a display device, the alterationcomprising one or more of altering the display font size, altering thedisplay font color, altering the display font style, and altering thedisplay icon.
 15. The method of claim 11 wherein one or more of theactions associated with the new token are represented as one or moresettings which can be modified by a system operator.
 16. The method ofclaim 15 wherein one or more settings comprise one or more of anindication of a priority of an associated file entity, an indication ofa project corresponding to an associated file entity, an indication of apurpose of an associated file entity, and indication of the value of anassociated file entity, and indication of the archive need of anassociated file entity, and an indication of the way in which anassociated file entity is to be visual represented on a display device.17. The method of claim 11 wherein one or more of the actions associatedwith the new token comprises setting an alarm for delayed futureactions, wherein the alarm time is implied by the passage of time sincea predetermined event occurred.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein oneor more of the delayed future actions comprises automatically alteringthe way in which the file entity is represented on a display device. 19.The method of claim 11 wherein the file entity is associated with one ormore other file entities based on the received file entity and the oneor more other file entities having one or more attached tokens incommon.
 20. A method for managing file entities in a system, the methodcomprising: storing a new entry in a user-extensible token log, the newentry comprising: a) a new token as a set of symbols that together haveno prior functional meaning within the system, and b) one or moresettings associated with the new token, which settings correspond to oneor more actions are to be automatically executed when a file entityassociated with the new token experiences a predetermined event;providing a system operator with a command for accessing the new tokenso that the new token will be associated with one or more file entitiesby the system; detecting a predetermined event involving a file entitywith an associated token, which associated token is from the set oftokens previously stored in the token log; identifying the tokenassociated with the file entity involved in the detected event;retrieving from the token log one or more settings which correspond tothe identified token given the detected event; and executing actionswhich correspond to the retrieved settings.